Brain Development, Drugs and Disease Edexcel A

There were positive correlations between FA values in the genu of the CC with attention at both evaluated phases, as well as negative correlation between MD values and working memory at timepoint 2. The mechanics of head trauma places the ventral and lateral surfaces of the frontal lobes in particular vulnerability for damage (68,69). Given the frontal projections of the genu, it is not surprising that executive functions mediated by these areas could be correlated with microstructural abnormalities as detected by DTI in our study.

11 Other Antiepileptic Drugs

That means around 1 in every 100 people in the UK has seizures or needs epilepsy medicines. In our public assessment reports, we discuss evidence-based reviews of safety issues linked with a particular medicine or group of medicines. The Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) is the government agency responsible for regulating medicines and medical devices in the UK and ensuring their safety, quality and effectiveness. We continually review the safety of all medicines in the UK and inform healthcare professionals and the public of the latest updates.

Review of the Human Brain and EEG Signals

Seeing, hearing and feeling simultaneously is the natural way to enhance memory and learning. In order to continually and effectively improve our minds we need first to become “mentally literate” a term first coined by Tony Buzan (and unfortunately not a skill taught in most schools). This is a literacy through which you come to understand your brain, and acquire the tools and techniques for learning.

It has also been reported in the published scientific literature that phenytoin can induce neurodegeneration in neonatal rodent brains following early postnatal exposure at plasma concentrations of phenytoin relevant to human therapeutic concentrations. Non-clinical studies in the published scientific literature have reported that exposure to phenobarbital during and soon after pregnancy can induce neurobehavioural effects in offspring and induce widespread apoptotic neurodegeneration in the brains of rodents. CPRD data show that in women of childbearing age, lamotrigine is the antiepileptic drug that is most commonly prescribed and also most commonly started for the treatment of epilepsy. It is also among the most commonly prescribed antiepileptic drugs in pregnancy. However, the data considered during the European review and any more recent published epidemiological studies have been included in this public assessment report and formed the basis on which the advice of the Commission of Human Medicines was sought.

Pervasive developmental disorders

When a drug should not be used in a specific situation, condition or group of people because it may be harmful to the person. A birth defect in which a part of the aorta (the large blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to the rest of the body) is narrower than usual. This narrowing prevents the blood from circulating normally in the lower half of the body. If the narrowing is severe enough and if it is not diagnosed, the baby may have serious problems and may need surgery or other procedures soon after birth. A research study that tests the effectiveness and safety of medicines in humans.

The proportion of individuals in a defined population that have a disease or other health outcomes of interest at either a specified point in time (known as point prevalence) or during a specified period of time (period prevalence). Gradual loss of structure or function of nerve cells in the brain (neurons), including death of the nerve cells. Neurodegenerative diseases can influence many functions including an individual’s movement, speech, memory, intelligence and more. The disease or condition, or manifestation or symptoms thereof, for which the drug is approved.

• However, acknowledging such limitations, the non-clinical evidence reports that lamotrigine at doses relevant to human therapeutic doses is not teratogenic in rodents and rabbits.
• However, some small, well-conducted clinical studies (less than 30 phenytoin exposures) showed a significant increased risk of serious adverse outcomes compared to control subjects including fetal hydantoin syndrome, effects on development (Rovet 1995, Arulmozhi 2006) and below average IQ (Hanson 1976, Scolnik et al 1994).
• The risks of major congenital malformations, neurodevelopmental disorders and delay, and other reproductive toxic effects remain uncertain; the possibility of adverse effects can neither be confirmed nor ruled out.
• Where people who receive a medicine are also more likely to have a particular risk factor then they may be more likely to develop a medical condition because of this risk factor and not because of the medicine.
• L-dopa therefore increases dopamine levels in the brain, resulting in more nerve impulses along neurones in brain regions which are involved in movement.
• Thereby, the imagination of movements of the right hand is processed in the primary motor cortex of the left hemisphere.

Visual spatial skills help individuals find their orientation in space through taking in information from the world around them and organizing that visual information to create an understanding of meaningful patterns. It is one of a number of cognitive functions that also include perception, attention, memory, motor skills and language. These are population-based registers that collect data from medical records about the prenatal, delivery and neonatal care of pregnant women and their offspring. Such registers support the monitoring of the health of pregnant women and their offspring and are used cerebrumiq for research purposes.